A chronic inflammatory disorder brought on by bacteria in dental plaque eroding the bone around teeth is called periodontitis. Periodontitis starts with gingivitis, or red, swollen, bleeding gums. As inflammation progresses to periodontitis, pockets become deeper, ultimately weakening the attachment between teeth and its supporting bone.
When a gum infection spreads to the bone and supporting tissues of the teeth, advanced periodontal disease occurs. As the disease worsens, periodontal pockets—between the gums and teeth—form, enabling germs and plaque to build. Untreated severe periodontitis destroys soft tissues and bone, leading to tooth loss.
A buildup of bacterial plaque is the primary reason for periodontal disease. Further risk factors include smoking, diabetes, heredity, and certain medications.
For gingivitis, professional cleanings and improved brushing and flossing may be all that’s needed. Periodontitis may need antibiotics, scaling and root planing, and surgical procedures including pocket reduction, bone grafting, or tissue regeneration, depending on how severe the disease is.